Narmer is the first pharaohk

Narmer and Menes

Name and identity

The commonly-used name Menes derives from Manetho, an Egyptian historian and priest who lived during the pre-Coptic period of the Ptolemaic Kingdom. Manetho noted the name in Greek as Μήνης (transliterated: Mênês).[5][10] An alternative Greek form, Μιν (transliterated: Min), was cited by the fifth-century-BC historian Herodotus,[11] but is a variant no longer accepted; it appears to have been the result of contamination from the name of the god Min.[12] The Egyptian form, mnj, is taken from the Turin and Abydos King Lists, which are dated to the Nineteenth Dynasty, whose pronunciation has been reconstructed as */maˈnij/. By the early New Kingdom, changes in the Egyptian language meant his name was already pronounced */maˈneʔ/.[13] The name mnj means "He who endures", which, I.E.S. Edwards (1971) suggests, may have been coined as "a mere descriptive epithet denoting a semi-legendary hero [...] whose name had been lost".[5] Rather than a particular person, the name may conceal collectively the Naqada III rulers: Ka, Scorpion II and Narmer.

By 500 BC, mythical and exaggerated claims had made Menes a culture hero, and most of what is known of him comes from a much later time.[23]

Ancient tradition ascribed to Menes the honour of having united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom[24] and becoming the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty.[25] However, his name does not appear on extant pieces of the Royal Annals (Cairo Stone and Palermo Stone), which is a now-fragmentary king's list that was carved onto a stela during the Fifth Dynasty. He typically appears in later sources as the first human ruler of Egypt, directly inheriting the throne from the god Horus.[26] He also appears in other, much later, king's lists, always as the first human pharaoh of Egypt. Menes also appears in demotic novels of the Hellenistic period, demonstrating that, even that late, he was regarded as an important figure.[27]

Menes was seen as a founding figure for much of the history of ancient Egypt, similar to Romulus in ancient Rome.[28] Manetho records that Menes "led the army across the frontier and won great glory".[10][25]

Capital

Manetho associates the city of Thinis with the Early Dynastic Period and, in particular, Menes, a "Thinite" or native of Thinis.[10][25] Herodotus contradicts Manetho in stating that Menes founded the city of Memphis as his capital[29] after diverting the course of the Nile through the construction of a levee.[30] Manetho ascribes the building of Memphis to Menes' son, Athothis,[25] and calls no pharaohs earlier than Third Dynasty "Memphite".[31]

Herodotus and Manetho's stories of the foundation of Memphis are probably later inventions: in 2012 a relief mentioning the visit to Memphis by Iry-Hor—a predynastic ruler of Upper Egypt reigning before Narmer—was discovered in the Sinai Peninsula, indicating that the city was already in existence in the early 32nd century BC

If we know today that Narmer is the first pharaoh of Egypt, it is notably thanks to the antique tablet called the "Palette of Narmer" also called "Great Hierakonpolis Palette" and "Narmer Palette".

This tablet is particularly important to Egyptologists (historians specializing in the study of Egyptian history) because it is the first to show an Egyptian king in possession of the Pschent crown.

The Pschent is a crown composed of two other crowns nested within each other: the Hedjet crown and the Decheret crown.

As the image below shows, the Hedjet represents the governance of a king over Upper Egypt and the Decheret represents the governance of a king over Lower Egypt.

Thus, wearing this crown, Narmer is no longer a king of Egypt but a pharaoh of Egypt (for he controls all the Egyptian territory).

By 500 BC, mythical and exaggerated claims had made Menes a culture hero, and most of what is known of him comes from a much later time.[23]

Ancient tradition ascribed to Menes the honour of having united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom[24] and becoming the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty.[25] However, his name does not appear on extant pieces of the Royal Annals (Cairo Stone and Palermo Stone), which is a now-fragmentary king's list that was carved onto a stela during the Fifth Dynasty. He typically appears in later sources as the first human ruler of Egypt, directly inheriting the throne from the god Horus.[26] He also appears in other, much later, king's lists, always as the first human pharaoh of Egypt. Menes also appears in demotic novels of the Hellenistic period, demonstrating that, even that late, he was regarded as an important figure.[27]

Menes was seen as a founding figure for much of the history of ancient Egypt, similar to Romulus in ancient Rome.[28] Manetho records that Menes "led the army across the frontier and won great glory".[10][25]

Capital

Manetho associates the city of Thinis with the Early Dynastic Period and, in particular, Menes, a "Thinite" or native of Thinis.[10][25] Herodotus contradicts Manetho in stating that Menes founded the city of Memphis as his capital[29] after diverting the course of the Nile through the construction of a levee.[30] Manetho ascribes the building of Memphis to Menes' son, Athothis,[25] and calls no pharaohs earlier than Third Dynasty "Memphite".[31]

Herodotus and Manetho's stories of the foundation of Memphis are probably later inventions: in 2012 a relief mentioning the visit to Memphis by Iry-Hor—a predynastic ruler of Upper Egypt reigning before Narmer—was discovered in the Sinai Peninsula, indicating that the city was already in existence in the early 32nd century BC

The Pschent is a crown composed of two other crowns nested within each other: the Hedjet crown and the Decheret crown.

As the image below shows, the Hedjet represents the governance of a king over Upper Egypt and the Decheret represents the governance of a king over Lower Egypt.

Thus, wearing this crown, Narmer is no longer a king of Egypt but a pharaoh of Egypt (for he controls all the Egyptian territory).

·       The pharaoh Narmer with his Pschent crown composed of the red and white crowns.
·       The four banners of the first pharaoh Narmer bearing the insignia of the falcon god Horus.
·       Narmer's enemies beheaded and castrated. One can observe their heads and genitals placed between their feet as a sign of supreme shame.
·       Two serpopards (mythological creatures half jaguar half serpent) representing the disorder and chaos at the borders of a country. Thus, the fact that these animals are kept on a leash by servants of Narmer shows that the first pharaoh of Egypt had complete control over the borders of his kingdom.
·       The king Narmer (shown as a buffalo) destroying the ramparts of an enemy fortification. Narmer crushes one of his enemies with his buffalo hoof. 
Narmer, Narmmer or Mina is an ancient Egyptian pharaoh from the early family age (circa 3200 BC). It
 May be that the pharaoh followed scorpion and/or KA. Some as a united Egyptian country, the founder of the first Family, and the first pharaohs of the United Egypt regard it.

Narmer's identity is the subject of ongoing discussion, despite the prevailing consensus among Egyptologists [1] [2] [3] by Tamahi Narmer with the pharaoh of the first family Mina. Thanks to al-Faraoun for uniting Egypt, he is the first pharaoh. This conclusion is based on the Narmer plate where Narmer appears to be a united Egypt and the cowardly seal of Abydos's coward representing him as the first pharaoh of the first family.

King Narmer's best known as the Scorpion King.King Narmer is best known for the title of the Scorpion King as he is inscribed on the walls of the Egyptian temples with deep and prominent sculpture.

succeeded in achieving unity between the two drops (sea and tribal)

Founded the city of Memphis between Delta and upper to secure the unity of the country

Founded the first central government in history

There was a secure independence 

) The settlement of the early Egyptians in the Nile Valley

In Egypt, there are only nomadic tribes living from gathering, fishing and hunting until the Upper Paleolithic period (from 30,000 to 20,000 BC). 

In 20,000 BC, a period of severe drought began. This period will last 9000 years and will prohibit all life in Egypt. 

In 11,000 BC, during the "Mesolithic" period, nomadic tribes return to Egypt following the end of the drought in the Nile valley. 

In 5000 BC, many tribes are well settled in Upper Egypt. Established in villages, these tribes no longer had to hunt and gather because they had mastered the cultivation of barley and wheat and began to raise animals. 

 

B) The beginnings of the so-called "Egyptian" culture

i) The culture of Nagada I (-4000 to -3500)

From 4000 to 3500 BC, the "Nagada I culture" or "Amratian culture" is a real advance for the Egyptian and human civilization.

 

Larger and larger villages are formed and a more advanced knowledge of craftsmanship develops. Earthen vases and very solid stone weapons appear. Breeding intensifies. The first animal-headed gods appear in Egyptian beliefs. 

ii) The culture of Nagada II (-3500 to -3300)

From 3500 BC to 3300 BC, it is the "Nagada II" or "predynastic" period (i.e. the period before the pharaohs' dynasties). In the south of Egypt, the city of Hierakonpolis counts 10,000 inhabitants. The first mummies and iron work appeared in 3300 BC.

 

Hierarchical pyramid of the old empireDuring this period, the pyramidal hierarchy of the ancient Egyptian civilization prevailed (with a ruling elite reigning over many craftsmen and farmers). 

iii) The culture of Nagada III (-3300 to -3150)

From 3300 to 3150 the "Nagada III" or the "Neopredynastic" period took place. A dozen kings reigned over Upper Egypt, the southern part of Egypt. These kings of "Dynasty 0 of the pharaohs" cannot yet really be called "pharaohs" because they do not rule over unified Egypt.

These kings ruled the first sovereign "state" the world had ever known (that is, a state controlling a collection of cities and villages). It is also noteworthy that before the state of Upper Egypt, the most advanced form of civilization was the city-states of Mesopotamia (with a state controlling only one city). 

iv) The protodynastic period: the advent of Narmer

In 3150, the protodynastic period begins with the reign of Narmer. In a very violent beginning of reign, Narmer becomes the king of all Egypt and thus founds the 1st dynasty of pharaohs. 

4) The pharaoh Hor-Aha

It is Hor-Aha who succeeds Narmer according to the antique book of the history of Egypt "Ægyptiaca" written in Greek by the Egyptian priest Manetho (in the 3rd 

century AD). 

In 3100, at the end of his reign, Narmer established many strongholds outside Egypt (in particular in the Gaza region). Hor-Aha continued Egypt's expansion into Nubia, Palestine, and Libya through several military campaigns. The account of his campaign in Nubia can be found on the tablet "The Year of the Ta-Sety Strike" ("Ta-Sety" means "Nubia" in ancient Egyptian). 

To further the unification of Egypt, Hor-Aha established a second Egyptian capital at Memphis, 450 kilometers above Thinis, the initial capital of Egypt. The country then had two capitals: Thinis, in the south of Egypt, capital of Lower Egypt and Memphis, in the north, capital of Upper Egypt. 

With Narmer and Hor-Aha, the supremacy of the pharaohs over Egypt is launched and will last for 3000 years (until 30 BC). Indeed, the pharaonic supremacy will stop with the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, the Roman Empire taking over Egypt.

In 11,000 BC, during the "Mesolithic" period, nomadic tribes return to Egypt following the end of the drought in the Nile valley.

In 5000 BC, many tribes are well settled in Upper Egypt. Established in villages, these tribes no longer had to hunt and gather because they had mastered the cultivation of barley and wheat and began to raise animals.